Even though they are more educated, women earn 21% less than men; greatest inequality is in science, points out IBGE

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Data from the institute also shows that in 2022 female participation in the job market had not yet recovered to pre-pandemic levels. Even with more education, women earn 21% less than men More educated, women earn, on average, 21% less than men, and the greatest inequality is in intellectual and scientific professions. In this category, women earn an average of 36.7% less than men. The data refers to 2022 and is part of the Gender Statistics study, released this Friday (8) — Women’s Day — by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). According to the study, 21.3% of women aged 25 or over have higher education. Among men, the rate is 16.8%. Training in the areas of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), however, is much lower than that of men: in this group, 22% of graduates are women. This percentage, 10 years ago, was slightly higher – 23.2%. In the area of ​​social well-being, such as Social Work and Nursing, female participation rises to 92%. Gender stereotypes may be behind this difference, assesses Barbara Cobo, study and research coordinator at IBGE. “Is caring the vocation of women or have we been socialized to care?”, he asks. Black or brown women are in the worst situation The situation is not equal among women. In several indicators, the reality is worse for black or brown : Black or mixed-race women were more involved in domestic work and caring for people; Black or mixed-race women had the lowest participation in the labor force; Black or mixed-race women did more part-time work than white women; Black or mixed-race women (14.7 %) have less access to higher education than white women (29%). Women earn more where it is more difficult to reach the top In addition to earning less on average than men, women have less access to leadership positions: they occupy 39% of these positions, compared to 61% of men. And the group of activities in which women face the most barriers to reaching the top is in Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry Production, Fishing and Aquaculture. Only 16% of management positions in these areas are held by women (the average across all areas is 39%) The remuneration in this group, on the other hand, is 28% higher than that of men. This happens because, to enter male-dominated sectors, they need to be professionals who are much more qualified than men – which is why they end up earning more, explains the study coordinator and IBGE researcher, Barbara Cobo. The same phenomenon occurs in professions in the Water, Sewage, Waste Management and Decontamination group. In it, women hold only 19% of leadership positions, and earn 9.4% more than men. Women do twice as much domestic work The IBGE study also shows that women continue to do much more domestic work than men: 21.3 hours per week, almost double what they do (11.7 hours). The biggest difference is in the Northeast: 23.5 hours for women compared to 11.8 for men. The total workload of women when adding paid employment and chores at home – the famous double shift – is also greater than that of men (54.4 hours per week for them compared to 52.1 for them), “Women are all day at work. The data we bring even underestimates this workload”, says the study coordinator. The longest total load time was observed in women in the Southeast – 55.3 hours per week. A global study on long working hours, by the World Health Organization (WHO) in partnership with the International Labor Organization (ILO), shows that working 55 hours or more per week is associated with a 35% greater risk of stroke (accident cerebrovascular accident) and 17% higher risk of dying from heart disease. Market share remains lower and below pre-pandemic levels The greater dedication to care and domestic work also impacts entry into the job market – the employment level of adult women (between 25 and 54 years old) who live in homes with children of up to 6 years old is lower (56.6%) than those who live in homes without one (66.2%). The opposite happens among men: in households with children up to 6 years old, 89% of adult men are employed, compared to 82.8% of households without children. As a result, the participation rate of women over 15 years of age in the labor market remains lower than that of men (53.3% compared to 73.2%), and even lower than the level of 2019, pre-pandemic (55.4% compared to 75.2%). Of those entering the market, 28% were in part-time jobs (up to 30 hours per week) – almost double (14.4%) that found among men. And informality is also higher among women (39.6%) than among men (37.3%). The IBGE researcher says that it is not possible to expect a “great revolution” in men’s thinking, but rather public policies that make the workload more equal, such as equal paternity and maternity leave and public schools with full-time provision . “It’s very exhausting, you don’t know a mother who isn’t exhausted,” said Barbara Cobo. Number of children increased only for women over 40 years old. The IBGE study also shows that, from 2018 to 2022, the drop in the number of children per woman was 13%. The numbers are from the Ministry of Health. On the contrary, the only age group that started to have more children is those between 40 and 49 years old – an increase of 17% in five years. Maternal mortality returns to pre-pandemic level In 2022, the maternal mortality rate (when it occurs up to 42 days after the end of pregnancy and due to a cause attributed to the pregnancy) returned to the pre-pandemic rate, and stood at 57.7 deaths per 100 thousand live births. In 2021, this rate reached 117.4, according to data from the Ministry of Health. IBGE researchers said that, with the delay in vaccines, the impact of Covid on pregnant women in Brazil was greater than in other places in the world. Women in power structures The study also analyzed the female presence in politics and power structures. In a ranking that analyzes the proportion of female parliamentarians, Brazil is in 133rd position among 186 countries, with 17.9% of the Chamber of Deputies in 2023. In Latin America, the country is in last place. In 2023, women made up 17.9% of the Federal Chamber. Of the 38 ministerial positions, only nine were held by women.

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